Symptoms of Mitral stenosis(MS):

May be asymptomatic or can have one or more of following symptoms-

• Dyspnoea on exertion
• Exhaustion
• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
• Hemoptysis.

Signs of Mitral stenosis(MS):

• Low volume pulse
• Engorged neck vein
• Apical impulse- taping in nature
• Left Parasternal heave
• Cardiomegaly
• Opening snap of mitral valve
• Loud first heart sound
• Secound heart sound loud in pulmonary area
• Mid-diastolic murmur in mitral area, which is low-pitched, localized, rough, rumbling (hints:LLRR), best heard with bell of the stethoscope, in the left lateral position with the breath holding on expiration, with pre-systolic accentuation.

Complications of Mitral stenosis(MS):

• Congestive cardiac failure (CCF)
• Infective endocarditis
• Cardiac arrhythmias.

Investigations for Mitral stenosis(MS):

• Chest X-Ray
• ECG
• Echocardiography
• Cardiac catheterization.

Treatment of Mitral stenosis(MS):

A. Medical Treatment of Mitral stenosis(MS):

• Supportive treatment of mitral stenosis
• Treatment of complications of mitral stenosis
• Prophylaxis of Rheumatic recurrence

B. Surgical Treatment of Mitral stenosis(MS):

• Closed mitral valvotomy
• Mitral valvoplasty.